Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders
What are Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity
Disorder (ADHD)?
Everyone has trouble paying attention from time to time, especially during activities that are boring or not enjoyable.But for children and youth with ADHD/ADD, the problems with paying attention and getting distracted are so severe that youth can have problems with school,work and relationships.
Children and youth with ADHD may also become:
Easily frustrated and have mood swings. Many children and youth with ADHD report having strongemotions and get frustrated easily.Strong emotions can make someone passionate and fun to be with,but feeling frustrated and angry too often can cause troubles.
What causes ADHD?
- Brain structure. Some areas of the brain are smaller, like the prefrontal cortex and cerebellum.
- Brain chemistry. In children and youth with ADHD, brain chemicals like dopamine and
norepinephrine are less available.
- Brain activity in some parts of the brain. Children and youth with ADHD have less activity in the
frontal part of the brain.
In other words:
- ADHD is not the child’s fault
- ADHD is not the parent’s fault -- parents cannot cause ADHD through ‘bad parenting’.
What do we do if we think our child has ADHD?
Start by taking your child to a doctor (family doctor or pediatrician). Your doctor can check for other conditions that might cause attention problems, like:
Medical problems like low iron, hormone imbalances, not enough omega 3 fatty acids or exposure to lead or mercury
Other conditions, for example, a gifted child who is bored in school, or a student who is not paying attention at school because of a learning disability
Your doctor can help by suggesting specialized mental health services or professionals like psychologists, psychiatrists or social workers.
Food additives
In a small number of children and youth with ADHD, parents notice that some food additives may make behaviour and concentration worse. Some researchers think that in these children and youth, food additives may get turned into brain chemicals that ‘excite’ the brain too much. If you have noticed this in your child, you can try keeping these additives out of your child’s diet for a few weeks:
MSG (monosodium glutamate), which is used in many restaurants and fast foods, and in some packaged processed foods
Artificial food coloring, especially red dyes (avoid Jell-O™, Kool-Aid™, fruit "drinks" like Hi-C™)
Artificial sweeteners such as aspartame (e.g. Nutrasweet™)
Omega 3 fatty acids
Some studies suggest that some cases of ADHD may be caused by a lack of omega 3 fatty acids. Symptoms of a lack of omega 3 fatty acids are:
- Skin problems like eczema, dry skin or dandruff
- Brittle nails or hair
- Feeling very thirsty, and needing to pass more urine (pee!)
- Problems with sleep concentration or mood
Future research will tell us if Omega 3 fatty acid supplements will help some children and youth with ADHD.
How is ADHD treated?
The most effective treatment is usually a combination of medications, school programs and therapies to work on behaviour.
Medications
Many parents (and children) prefer to start treatment without medications. But a large research study has found that treatment with medication alone was more effective than using non-medication treatments (like school programs or behaviour therapy). This study did not receive any funding from drug companies. It was carried out by the US government’s research team at the National Institute of Mental Health.
Medications help decrease ADHD symptoms. When ADHD symptoms are more manageable, it’s easier for children and youth to work on coping and behavioural strategies.
Medications often used for ADHD:
- Stimulant medications. These stimulate the focus and impulse control centres of the brain. For example, Methylphenidate (Ritalin ® regular, Ritalin SR ®, or Concerta ®) and Dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine ® , or Adderall XR ®)
- Non-stimulant medications
For example, Buproprion (Welbutrin SR ®) and Atomoxetine (Strattera ®)
Coping with side effects
Like all medications, ADHD medications can have side effects. Usually side effects are mild and will go away. Let your doctor know if the side effects don’t go away. Usually there are ways ‘around’ side effects, like changing the dose, the time or the medication.
If your child is having trouble sleeping, try
- Giving medications earlier in the day
- Switching to shorter-acting medication
- Using sleep strategies like:
- Background music,
- Soothing movement
- Routines before bedtime
If sleep problems still don’t get better, a low dose of medication to help with sleep, (like Melatonin or Clonidine) is something to think about.
If your child or teen doesn’t feel like eating, try:
- Having your child eat more when medication is not active in the body, like having breakfast before taking
medication,or a meal before bedtime
- Serving many small meals rather than a few, large meals
- Giving snacks and finger foods, especially while your child is relaxing. Aim for healthy snacks likeyogurt, fruit, dried fruit, energy bars nuts, peanut butter and crackers. ‘Junk’ food in moderationis OK if it is hard to give your child enough calories.
- Serving drinks with calories, like homogenized milk, fruit juices or milk shakes
- Giving medications after meals
- Serving more ‘high calorie’ meals
- Offering favourite foods whenever possible
- Having your child ‘catch up’ by eating more in the evenings or on weekends (times when she is not taking medication)
If your child has headaches:
These will usually go away but speak to your doctor if they don’t
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Common questions about medications
Aren’t people with ADHD already ‘hyper’? Wouldn’t taking a stimulant make them worse?
Stimulant medications will stimulate the focus and impulse control areas of the brain, which helps ADHD. In fact, many people with ADHD report that stimulants such like caffeine (and nicotine) can be soothing. Many people with ADHD say that a mild dose of stimulants in the evening (like having a cup of coffee) helps them sleep!
Will taking stimulant medications lead to drug addiction?
Studies show that proper treatment of ADHD will reduce the risk of future problems like drug addiction, or troubles with the law. By helping people function better at home, school and work, medications can keep them from negative behaviours such as street drug use, and crime.
Do ADHD medications cause tics?
Tics are muscle movements that people can’t completely control. Examples include repeated winking, eye blinking, arm or facial twitches, and sounds like humming, throat clearing, or sniffing. About half of people with a tic disorder (or Tourette’s Syndrome) also have ADHD. It is usually the ADHD that is diagnosed first. So ADHD medications don’t cause tics-it’s just that tic disorders often happen along with ADHD. If it seems that ADHD medications make tics worse, talk with your doctor about reducing the dose or changing medication
Non medical treatments for ADHD
Understanding ADHD
Children and youth with ADHD have trouble controlling or ‘regulating’ their attention. So they have trouble paying attention in the right situations. To focus properly, a child or teen needs to have “just enough” stimulation from the senses (movement, touch, sound, smell, sight) and feelings (like good relationships without too much conflict).
‘Under' stimulated: bored
You can help by:
Increasing stimulation: Adding activity, movement, sight, sounds, using hands
Just right: just enough stimulation
‘Just enough’ stimulation is the reason why children who aren’t paying attention in class can pay attention to videogames and favourite activities. Video games and other favourite activities give them ‘just enough’ stimulation. Some children can become ‘hyper-focused’ on an activity they like, and have trouble moving their attention to other things when needed.
You can help by:
Keep on doing whatever you’re doing!
Over’ stimulated: stressed, overwhelmed
-
Information overload
- Too much happening at once
- Too many feelings
- Upsetting feelings
Over-stimulation
Children with ADHD tend to be easily over-stimulated by things like noise, too much to look at and too much activity in large, open classrooms. Yet in other areas, that child may be under-stimulated and bored. Hyperactive children are often under-stimulated when it comes to movement, and may need to move or fidget. At other times, like when studying or trying to fall asleep, they tell us that background noise from the television or radio helps them.
You can help by:
Cutting down on stimulation (fewer people, less activity, less noise)
Using calming techniques
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Helping a child at school
For children and youth who have problems with attention:
- Get the student’s attention first, before asking a question or making a request.
- Make sure you don’t ask for too many things at once.
- Write down what you want to say and give it to the child (this may help with ‘boring’ requests like homework or chores).
For children and youth who get easily distracted:
- Move the child closer to the front of the class to prevent distractions from classmates
- Move the student away from visual distractions like open windows or the classroom door
- Many ADHD students tune out when there is too much ‘lecturing’ or verbal instruction. Try other learning strategies, like:
o Visual (e.g. pictures and diagrams)
o Kinesthetic (using movement and touch)
For children and youth who are hyperactive and those who need to move to think:
- Don’t expect a hyperactive child to be able to sit still for long periods
- Alternate “thinking activities” with movement activities; times given here are guidelines only.
o Thinking activities for 10-20 minutes
o “Body Break” session of 2-5 minutes of physical movement, (jumping jacks, squeezing a stress ball,
push-ups against a wall, ‘chair push-ups’)
o Give the child more washroom breaks to walk around, send the child for errands, ask her to clean the board.
- Arrange for special seating that allows for movement like (inflatable) ball chairs or the Sitfit ® cushion.
- ‘Fidgets’ (stress balls to squeeze, or oral fidgets like chewing gum, candies, coffee stir sticks)
For children and youth who have trouble with organization:
- Break down complicated tasks into smaller ones
- Use schedules
- Ensure the student writes down assignments right away, because he may forget if he waits until the end of class
For children and youth who have trouble with motivation:
Work out a good system to reward positive behaviour. Many ADHD students have not yet been able to develop internal motivation (wanting todo things or do well because it feels good and is important to them). They usually do better when their positive behaviour is noticed by others(external motivation). At first, external rewards like stickers or extra privileges can help encourage positive behaviour.
Help for parents
Understanding and supporting a child with ADHD isn’t easy. You may have many arguments and conflicts with your child or teen. This cycle of conflict and negative feelings is not healthy, and hurts everyone in the family.
If you (or other family members) are feeling overwhelmed, make sure that you get support for yourself and other family members. Seek support from health care professionals, family, friends and other parents who share your experience.
Where To Find Help
- In a crisis? Child, Youth and Family Crisis Line for Eastern Ontario, 613-260-2360 or toll-free, 1-877-377-7775
- Looking for mental health help? www.eMentalHealth.ca is a bilingual directory of mental health services and resources for Ottawa, Eastern Ontario and Canada.
- CHEO and the Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre (by physician’s
referral), 613-737-7600 ext. 2496. For more information on our programs, CHEO
- To find a Psychologist in Ottawa: Call the Ottawa Academy of Psychology referral service, 613-235-2529. Listing many, but not all, Ottawa psychologists
- To Find a Psychologist anywhere in Ontario: College of Psychologists of Ontario, 1-800-489-8388.
Support and advocacy groups
Want more information?
Books
- Delivered from Distraction: Getting the Most out of Life with ADHD, by Edward Hallowell and John Ratey, 2005
- The “Putting on the Brakes” Activity Book for Young People with ADHD, by Patricia O. Quinn and Judith M. Stern, 1993
- Teaching Teens with ADD and ADHD: A Quick Reference Guide for Teachers and Parents by Chris A. Zeigler Dendy, 2003
- For a list of recommended books on this topic click here to visit the ADHD section of the Kaitlyn Atkinson Family Resource Library.
Useful websites
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